References

Our research is based on the publications and articles listed below. We appreciate that most visitors to this site won't have the time to read full-length articles, which are often available only in costly academic journals. For each article, we have published a short descriptive summary and the author's original abstract. Please feel to free to print and distribute these - they are not copyright protected. In due course we hope to publish links to legal open-access sources for as many of these articles as possible.

For advice on how to obtain the complete articles listed below email info@expeditionresearch.co.uk

Selection rationale

We began by collecting all post-1990 literature concerning youth development expeditions. The following terms were used to conduct the searches: expedition, wilderness, youth development, science, adventure, fieldwork, and community development. The process was conducted in four phases.

Phase 1 - over 1500 hits were obtained from Google Scholar, journal searches, and from private collections kept by the authors. Since the initial search brought up a large number of hits, these were then filtered according to further criteria: the duration of the expedition must have exceeded 14 days, it must have been self-propelled, and was based overseas or out-of-state (in the cases of Australia & North America).
Phase 2 - the reduced number of selected journals, articles and books were read and relevant items from bibliographies selected.
In Phase 3 - items from Phase 2 were read in more detail and abstracts produced.
In Phase 4 - once we were satisfied that no new items were being found through repeated searches, the database was narrowed-down to 35 items, from which the subsequent thematic analysis was conducted


Allison, P	2000	Research from the Ground Up - Post-Expedition Adjustment
Allison, P	2001	School Trips and Youth Expeditions: Time for a United Front?
Allison, P	2005	Post-Expedition Adjustment - What Empirical Data Suggest?
Allison, P & Beames, S	2010	The Changing Geographies of Overseas Expeditions
Allison, P & Higgins, P	2002	Ethical Adventures: Can We Justify overseas youth expeditions in the name of education?
Allison, P & Telford, J	2005	Turbulent Times: Outdoor Education in Great Britain 1993 - 2003
Allison, P & Von Wald, K	2010	Exploring values and personal and social development: learning through expeditions
Andrews, K	1999	The Wilderness Expedition as a Rite of Passage: Meaning and Process in Experiential Education
Ashby, M	1999	The Educational Role of Expeditions
Beames, S	2003	Overseas Youth Expeditions in Humberstone, B et al Ed. 'Whose Journeys? The Outdoors and Adventure as Social and Cultural Phenomena
Beames, S	2004a	Overseas Youth Expeditions with Raleigh International: A rite of passage?
Beames, S	2004b	Critical Elements of an Expedition Experience
Beames, S	2005	Expeditions and the Social Construction of the Self
Bobilya A et al	2009	Outcomes of a Spiritually Focussed Wilderness Orientation Programme
Bryce, J	1999	Expedition and Fieldwork Safeguarding Opportunities for Young People
BSI	2007	BS 8848 A specification for the provision of visits, fieldwork, expeditions, and adventurous activities outside the UK
Cashel, C	1994	Group Dynamics: Implications for Succesful Expeditions
Ewert, A & Yoshino, A	2007	A Preliminary Exploration of the Influence of Short-Term Adventure-Based Expeditions on Levels of Resilience
Eys, M et al	2008	Leadership Status Congruency and Cohesion in Outdoor Expedition Groups
Greenaway, R	1997	High Quality Adventure for All
Greenaway, R	1998	In Search of Respectable Adventure
Jones, A	2004	Review of Gap Year Provision
Kennedy, A	1992	The Expedition Experience as a Vehicle for Change in the Inner City
Pike, E & Beames, S	2007	A Critical Interactionist Analysis of 'Youth Development' Expeditions
Potter, T	1998	Human Dimensions of expeditions: deeply rooted, branching out
Rea, T	2006	"It's Not As If We've Been Teaching Them..." Reflective Thinking in the Outdoor Classroom
Sheldon, R	2009	Rallying Together: A Research Study of Raleigh's Work with Disadvantaged Young People
Smith, M	2008	Exploring a Changing World
Stott, T & Hall, N	2003	Changes in Aspects of Student's Self-Reported Personal, Social & Technical Skills during a six-week wilderness expedition in Arctic Greenland
Takano, T	2010	A 20-year retrospective study of the impact of expeditions on Japanese participants
Tozer, M et al	2007	Recognizing and Developing Adaptive Expertise within outdoor and expedition leaders
Watts, F et al	1992	Expedition Stress and Personality Change
Watts, F et al	1993a	Personality Change Produced by Expedition Stress: A Controlled Study
Watts, F et al	1993b	Cognitive Strategies in Coping with Expedition Stress
Watts, F et al	1994	Personality and Coping Strategies on a Stressful Expedition